| Latest Social Science NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 6th & 7th) | |||||||||||||||||||
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Latest Class 7th Social Science NCERT (Exploring - India and Beyond) Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A
1. Geographical Diversity Of India
This chapter explores the vast and varied geography of **India**. It highlights the diverse physical features, including the majestic Himalayas in the north, the fertile Northern Plains, the ancient Peninsular Plateau, coastal plains, and islands like the Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep. This geographical diversity significantly influences the country's climate, vegetation, lifestyle, and culture. Understanding India's varied landscape provides essential context for studying its history and the lives of its people across different regions.
2. Understanding The Weather
This chapter introduces the concept of **weather**, the day-to-day atmospheric conditions of a place. It explains key elements of weather such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, and wind speed. Instruments used to measure these elements are discussed (e.g., thermometer for temperature, rain gauge for rainfall). Understanding weather is important for daily activities, agriculture, and planning. The chapter highlights how weather conditions change frequently and vary from place to place, influencing various aspects of human life.
3. Climates Of India
Building upon the concept of weather, this chapter explores the **climate** of India, which is the average weather pattern observed over a long period. India has a diverse climate, largely influenced by its geography and the **monsoon winds**. The chapter discusses the different climatic regions of India and the characteristics of the **monsoon season**, which is crucial for the country's agriculture. Understanding India's climate helps explain regional variations in vegetation, agriculture, and lifestyle, highlighting the significant impact of climate on human activities.
4. New Beginnings: Cities And States
This chapter delves into a significant period in early Indian history marked by the emergence of larger political units. It discusses the transition from smaller tribal settlements to the formation of **Mahajanapadas**, sixteen large states in ancient India. The rise of urban centres and the development of administrative structures within these states are explored. This period saw key developments in social, economic, and political spheres, laying the foundation for the rise of major empires and shaping the political landscape of the subcontinent.
5. The Rise Of Empires
This chapter focuses on a pivotal era in Indian history: the formation of vast **empires**. It discusses the rise of powerful dynasties like the **Mauryas**, highlighting key rulers like **Ashoka** and their contributions in administration, spreading Buddhism, and integrating the subcontinent. The emergence of later empires is also touched upon. Understanding the structure, administration, and impact of these empires provides insight into the political evolution of ancient India, showcasing periods of centralized power and extensive cultural development.
6. The Age Of Reorganisation
This chapter explores the period following the decline of major empires, characterized by political fragmentation and the emergence of new regional powers and dynasties across India. It discusses how existing political structures were reorganized and new states and kingdoms were formed. This era, often marked by regional conflicts and rivalries, also saw significant developments in art, literature, and administration in different parts of the subcontinent. Understanding this period of transition is key to appreciating the diverse regional histories that contribute to the broader narrative of Indian history.
7. The Gupta Era: An Age Of Tiredless Creativity
This chapter focuses on the **Gupta period** in ancient Indian history, often referred to as the "Golden Age". It discusses the reign of important rulers like Chandragupta II and the political stability achieved. The chapter highlights the significant advancements and flourishing of arts, science, literature, astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy during this era. Achievements in fields like metallurgy (e.g., the Iron Pillar of Delhi) and the contributions of scholars like Aryabhata and Kalidasa are discussed, showcasing a period of unparalleled creativity and cultural richness in India.
8. How The Land Becomes Sacred
This chapter explores how certain places acquire religious significance and become considered **sacred land** in India. It discusses the development of religious sites, pilgrimage centers, and the role of various religious traditions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, etc.) in shaping the cultural landscape. The chapter might touch upon the construction of temples, mosques, monasteries, and other religious structures, and how myths, legends, and historical events contribute to the sacredness associated with specific locations across the diverse religious topography of India.
9. From The Rulers To The Ruled: Types Of Governments
This chapter introduces different forms of **government** and the relationship between the rulers and the ruled. It discusses various types of governments, such as monarchy (rule by a king/queen), aristocracy (rule by a select few), and democracy (rule by the people). The concept of the transition from being ruled by monarchs to being ruled by representatives elected by the people is explored. Understanding different forms of governance helps appreciate the principles of democracy and the rights and responsibilities of citizens in contemporary India.
10. The Constitution Of India — An Introduction
This chapter introduces the **Constitution of India**, the supreme law of the country, which came into effect on 26 January 1950. It discusses the importance of a constitution and its role in outlining the structure of the government, fundamental rights and duties of citizens, and the principles guiding the nation. Key features like democracy, secularism, socialism, and the preamble are introduced. Understanding the Constitution is essential for every Indian citizen to know their rights and responsibilities and the framework of governance in the country.
11. From Barter To Money
This chapter traces the evolution of exchange systems, from the ancient practice of **barter** (exchanging goods/services directly) to the development of **money** as a medium of exchange. It explains the problems associated with barter and how the introduction of money solved these issues. The chapter discusses the functions of money (medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value) and different forms of money used historically and in modern times. This provides a basic understanding of economic transactions and the role of money ($\textsf{₹}$) in facilitating trade and economic activity in India.
12. Understanding Markets
This chapter introduces the concept of **markets**, places or systems where buyers and sellers interact to exchange goods and services. It discusses different types of markets, from local weekly markets and neighbourhood shops to large shopping complexes and online markets, all prevalent in India. The roles of buyers, sellers, and intermediaries are explained. The chapter touches upon how prices are determined and the importance of fair practices in markets, providing a basic understanding of how economic exchanges take place and goods reach consumers.